Science Release: Global Challenges topic frontier top 125

2016, Science published the 125 most challenging scientific issues in the next quarter of a century, people will be working on solving these problems. This 125 subject as follows (before 25 is considered the most important issue): 125 science topics most challenging 1, what constitutes the universe 2. What is the biological basis of consciousness?? 3, why so few human genes? 4, how genetic variation and human health related degree? 5, can unify the laws of physics? 6, the human life span can be extended in the end how long ? 7, is what controls organ regeneration? 8, how skin cells into nerve cells? 9, how a single individual cells into whole plants? 10, how inside the earth? [ 123] 11, if the Earth humans unique in the universe? 12, where life on Earth to produce, how to produce? 13, what determines the diversity of species? 14, creating what genes change a uniquely human? 15, how to store and restore memory? 16, how cooperative behavior of human development? 17, how to generate large viewing pictures from the massive biological data? 18, the development level of chemical self-organization? 19, what is the limit of traditional computing? 20, we can selectively cut off certain immune response? 21, quantum non-locality and uncertainty whether there is a deeper principle behind? 22, the ability to develop an effective HIV vaccine? 23, the greenhouse effect will make the Earth\’s temperature to how high? 24, what time what energy can replace oil ? 25, Earth in the end how many people can afford? 26, whether the universeThe only? 27, what is driving expansion of the universe? 28, the first stars and galaxies when a produce, how to produce? 29, ultra-high energy cosmic rays come from? 30, is What to power the quasar? 31, what is the nature of the black hole is? 32, n antimatter species than why? 33, it proton decays? 34, what is the nature of gravity ? 35, why the time is different than the other dimensions? 36, if there are less than quark elementary particles? 37, neutrino its own antiparticle it? 38, whether a unified theory to explain all of the electronic system? 39, most humans can be produced laser it? 40, an optical lens can create the perfect? ​​ 41, the possibility of manufacturing a magnetic at room temperature semiconductor? 42, what is the mechanism after a pair of high-temperature superconductivity? 43, can develop a comprehensive theory of the turbulent kinetic and kinematic particulate material? 44, if there is a stable high atomic weight elements? 45, if there is solid super mobility? If so, how to explain? 46, how the structure of water? 47, what is the nature of the glassy substance is? 48, whether there is a reasonable limit chemical synthesis of? 49, how the ultimate efficiency of photovoltaic cells? 50, nuclear fusion will eventually become a future energy it? 51 because the drive solar magnetic cycle, what is? [ 123] 52, how planets form? 53, what triggered the Ice Age? 54, what is the reason for the reversal of Earth\’s magnetic field is? 55, if there is an earthquake prediction threatened help? [123 ]56, on the other planets of the solar system now and in the past whether life exists? 57, what is the origin of chirality is the principle of nature? 58, can predict protein folding? 59, there is a protein in the human body how many existence? 60, how proteins find their role objects? 61, cell death, how many forms? 62, what is to keep the traffic within the cell smoothly? 63, and why cells the ingredients may be independently DNA and replicating itself? 64, the function of the genome different from what the role of RNA are? 65, what role genome telomere and centromere is? 66, why some large genome, others are rather compact? 67, genome \”junk\” ( \”junk\”) What is the role? 68, the cost of new DNA sequencing technology allows much lower? 69 how organs and whole organisms in the stop time growth? 70, in addition to inherited mutations in the genome to be changed? 71, in the embryo, asymmetry is determined? 72, wing, fin and faces how it evolved? 73, what triggers puberty? 74, the stem cell is located at the center of all tumors? 75, the tumor is more likely to be controlled by the immune it? 76, tumor control whether easier than cure? 77, inflammation is the main cause of all chronic diseases it? 78, the BSE will be how to develop? 79. how dependent vertebrate innate immune system to resist infectious disease? 80, for antigens, immune memory requires prolonged exposure to it? 81, why pregnant women\’s immune system does not reject the fetus? 82, what with biological organismsClock synchronization? 83, migratory how organisms find their migration route? 84 Why sleep? 85, why humans dream? 86, language learning Why there is a critical period? 87, pheromones affect human behavior? 88, how general anesthetics play a role? 89. What causes schizophrenia is? 90, what is the cause of autism? 91 Alzheimer\’s patients life can last long? 92, what is the biological basis of addiction? 93, how the brain establish moral values? 94, learning through computer limit What is? 95, how many personality hereditary? 96, what the biological roots of sexual orientation is? 97, the tree of life is the best life relationship between expression system do? [ 123] 98, there is on Earth many species? 99, what is the species? 100, why horizontal transfer occur in many species and how it happened? 101, who is the common ancestor of the world? 102, flowers of the plant how evolution? 103, how a plant producing cell wall? 104, how to control plant growth? 105, why all plants not immune to all diseases? 106, under external pressure environment, what is the basis of variation in plants? 107, what causes matter to disappear? 108, can avoid species extinction? 109, some of the dinosaur Why so large? 110, how ecosystems respond to global warming? 111, since the total number of races, what is the relationship between them? 112, what it is to enhance the modern human behavior? 113, what is the root of human culture? 114, the root causes of the evolution of language and music, what is? 115, what is race, ethnicity how evolution? 116, why move forward in some countries, and some developing countries stagnated? 117, high government deficits have any effect on the national interest and economic growth? 118, political and economic It is closely related to freedom? 119, and why efforts to change the state of poverty in sub-Saharan almost all fail? 120, there is no simple way to determine whether an elliptic curve infinitely many solutions exist? 121, Hodge closed chain chain is algebraically closed and it? 122, the final solution will mathematician Navier-Stokes equations gives it? 123, determines whether the experiment Poincare sphere 4 dimensional space? 124 ?, zero solution Riemann zeta function has the form of a + bi do 125, the standard model of particle physics research will stop if the quantum theory Yahg-Mills (Note:? last six selected mathematical problems mathematical Clay the new millennium issues raised Institute) briefly summarized statistics which 125 issues, issues relating to life sciences accounted for 46% of the universe and the problem of the relationship between the Earth accounted for 16%, material science-related issues accounted for more than 14%, cognitive science issues accounted for 9%. The remaining issues are involved in mathematics and computer science, politics and economy, energy, environment and population. Source: \”Science\”, taken from Tongji University (Natural Science)